A History of Journalism in the
Philippines: Historical Notes (11 of 11)
by Alixander Haban Escote in History,
August 28, 2008
Twenty-four important notes necessary in
understanding a history of journalism in the Philippines:
Marcelo Del Pilar is also the author of
La Soberania Monacal, 1888; and Frailocracia Fililipa, 1889. Hilario was not
actually his middle name, but Gatmaytan.
The Iglesia Filipina Independiente was
founded by Isabelo delos Reyes and Pascual Poblete, 1902; and was headed by
Gregorio Aglipay as its first Pontifex Maximus or Obispo Maximo or Supreme
Bishop.
Vigan, before Ciudad Fernandina and later
Heritage City of Vigan, is the capital of Ilocos Sur and the seat of the
Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia. It is the third city in the Philippines founded
by Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi.
Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo
Realonda wrote Noli Me Tangere, 1887; and El Filibusterismo, 1891. He was
executed in Bagumbayan, now Rizal Park, on December 30, 1896.
Ferdinand Blumentritt, the “true brother”
and “loyal friend” of Jose Rizal, made several studies about the country. He
was born in Praque, Bohemia, now Czechoslovakia.
Andres Bonifacio is the father of
Philippine Revolution and Philippine Democracy and the founder of the
Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan in Tondo,
Manila on July 7, 1892.
Emilio Aguinaldo was the President of the
First Philippine Republic. He was also elected as President of the
Revolutionary Government and President of the Biak-na-Bato Republic. He
proclaimed Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
Rafael Palma was elected Senator of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1916; appointed Secretary of the Interior,
1919; and appointed member of the Independence Missions, 1919 and 1922. He was
also the fourth president of the University of the Philippines, 1925-1933; a
delegate to the Constitutional Convention, 1934-1935; and the Chairman of the
National Council of Education; 1936-1939.
Gen Douglas McArthur was the youngest
Chief of Staff of the US Army. He served as the Military Adviser of the
Philippine Commonwealth, 1936-1941; Commanding General of the United States
Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), 1941; Supreme Allied Commander of the Southwest
Pacific, 1942-1945; and Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers for Occupied
Japan, 1945-1951.
Sergio Osmeña Sr. was the first Filipino
national leader under the American regime as Speaker of the Philippine Assembly
and the Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1944-1946. He
was the Vice President of Manuel Quezon when World War II broke out, and
assumed the presidency upon the death of the latter in 1944. His secret
agreement with US President Harry Truman on May 14, 1945 became the basis of
the 1947 RP-US Military Bases Agreement.
US Olympia is the flagship of Admiral
George Dewey, the Commanding Officer of the US Asiatic Squadron during the
Spanish-American War. For his victory, Dewey rapidly rose from the rank of
Commodore to Rear Admiral and Admiral in the US Navy.
Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina was the
President of the Philippine Senate, 1916-1936, and the First President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1935-1944.
Francis Burton Harrison was the American
Governor General of the Philippines, 1913-1919, remembered for his
Filipinization policy, i. e., replacement of Americans in the Philippine Civil
Service with qualified Filipinos. His dying wish that he be buried in the
Philippines was granted and that he was buried in Manila North Cemetery.
Carlos Romulo y Peña was the first
Filipino president of the United Nations General Assembly, 1949; and a member
of the United Nations Security Council, 1958.
The Battle of Bataan started on January
9, 1942 and continued until April 9, 1942.
The University of the Philippines was
established in 1908 by virtue of Act No. 1870 written by W Shuster Morgan,
Secretary of Public Instruction and member of the Philippine Commission.
Formerly located in Padre Faura in Manila, it transferred to Diliman in Quezon
City in 1949 although the College of Medicine and Allied Medical Professions
remained in Manila.
President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos ruled
the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. First elected in 1965, he was easily
re-elected in 1969. Facing increasing civil unrest from the Communist Party of
the Philippines headed by Jose Maria Sison and the Moro National Liberation
Front headed by Hashim Salamat, Marcos suspended the constitution, declared
martial law, and seized dictatorial powers in 1972. Accused of massive fraud in
the 1986 Snap Elections against Corazon Aquino, Marcos and his family fled to
Hawaii. He spent the last three years of his life fighting the lawsuits that
tried to reclaim the large fortune he had accumulated improperly while in
power.
Malacañang Palace is the official
residence of the Spanish and the American governors-general from 1863 to 1935
and of Philippine presidents from 1935 to the present. The name is said to have
come from the words “May lakan diyan,” literarily, “there are noblemen residing
there.” A violent rally in front of the palace on January 30, 1970 was
described as the “Siege of Malacañang.”
Plaza Miranda is the public square in
front of the Quaipo Church in Manila. It was named after Jose Sandino y
Miranda, Secretary of the Treasury of the Philippines from 1853 to 1854.
The writ of habeas corpus is a written
order, issued by a court, directed to the person detaining another, and
commanding him to produce the body of a prisoner with the date and the cause of
his capture and detention.
Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. was the
youngest foreign correspondent during the Korean War, the youngest adviser of
President Ramon Magsaysay, and the youngest member of the Philippine Senate.
His assassination at the Manila International Airport, now Ninoy Aquino
International Airport, on August 21, 1983 galvanized popular opposition to the
Marcos administration and brought his widow, Corazon Cojuangco, to the
forefront, during the 1986 Snap Election.
Martial law is the temporary imposition
of a military government over a civil government. It is invoked when civil
authority is inadequate to enforce law and to preserve order against rebellion
and insurrection. It was also proclaimed in Taiwan, 1949; Thailand, 1958; and
South Korea, 1972.
EDSA is an acronym for Epifanio delos
Santos Avenue, named after a Filipino historian and provincial governor of
Nueva Ecija. Formerly known as Highway 54, which starts from Kalookan City to
Pasay City, a stretch of it in Quezon City was the setting of the 1986
Philippine Revolution, hence 1986 EDSA Revolution.
Corazon Aquino is the First Woman and
Eighth President of the Republic of the Philippines, 1986-1992. With Salvador
Laurel as his running mate, she led the opposition that overthrew President
Ferdinand Marcos who went into exile in Hawaii after the 1986 EDSA Revolution.
She first established a revolutionary government under a Freedom Constitution,
which was replaced by the 1987 Constitution, drafted in 1986 and ratified in
1987.
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